(I)Myasthenia Gravis:
it is an autoimmune disorder in which the antibodies produced in the body start attacking its own body cells. The antibodies recognise the body cells as the foreign material and start acting against it. In myasthenia gravies, the antibodies start attacking the acetylcholine receptor present on sarcolemma, due to which the neurotransmitter could not bind to its receptor and hence, could not initiate nerve transmission. The skeletal muscles in patient become weak and lead to paralysis.
(II)Muscular Dystrophy:
it is a genetic disorder in which a protein dystropin is not formed.
(III)Tetany:
it is rapid spasm in muscles due to less calcium in the body fluid.(IV) Arthritis:
It is a disorder in which inflammation of joints occur. It is characterized by pain, swelling, redness, heat.(V)Gout:
It is a type of arthritis where inflammation of joints occurred due to accumulation of uric acid crystal. excessive formation of uric acid occur in the body with get deposited in the synovial joints as mono sodium salt.In the patient of gout there is an error in the uric acid metabolism due to which over secretion of uric acid occur.(VI) Osteoporosis:
osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder where bones loses its mineral and fibres from its matrix. The loss of minerals and fibres from the matrix decrease the bone mass and cause osteoporosis .it is an age related disorder which is caused due to many factors such as in balance of hormones like calcitonin and parathyroid hormones, deficiency of calcium and vitamins, decreases of sex hormones such as estrogen etc.
(VII)The Rheumatoid Arthritis:
it is diagnosed by the presence of rheumatoid factor. The primary symptoms inflammation of synovial membrane. If It is left untreated then the membrane thickens and synovial fluid increases, exerting pressure that causes pain. The membrane then start secreting abnormal granules, called PANNUS, which after accumulation on the surface of the cartilage, causes its erosion. As a result, the fibrous tissue is attached with the bones and become ossified, making the joint immovable heat treatment and physiotherapy pain and inflammation and in extreme cases, replacement of damaged joint is recommended.
(VIII) Osteoarthritis:
It is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the degeneration of the articular cartilage and proliferation of new bones. Usually, affected joints are of spine, knees and hands.(IX)Osteomalacia and Rickets:
Osteomalacia, called rickets when it occur in childhood. In this disease disorder this bones contain insufficient amount of calcium and phosphorus. The cause of kidney diseases, vitamin d deficiency, and are inherited defect.(X) Dislocation:
A dislocation is a displacement of articular surface of a joint, it usually involve a damage to the ligaments surrounding the joints. Most this location result forms falls, blows, extreme exertions and most often seen in the joints of thumbs, fingers are shoulder. Symptoms of this location include swelling, pain and loss of motion.
(XI)Sprain and Strain:
A sprain is a twisting of a joint without dislocating it. Such an injury cause damage to the ligaments and also often damages tendons, muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Severe pain sprains are quite painful and required immobilization during the healing process.
In contrast to sprain, a stain is less severe stretching or twisting of a joint. Muscles and tendons may be stretched and become somewhat painful, but only minor damage is done to the tissue of the joints.
DYSTROPIN is a large protein in the form of a rod that connects the thin actin filament to sarcolemma.
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